否定

更新时间:2024-01-31 19:44

否定(Prefixes and suffixes),语言词汇,增添词缀,即前缀后缀,使原来的词由肯定意义化为否定意义。

前缀和后缀

增添词缀,即前缀或后缀,使原来的词由肯定意义化为否定意义。英语中可以用于否定的前后缀有:

常用的否定前缀有ab- / dis- / il- / ill- / im- / in- / ir- / mis- / non- / un-等,否定后缀有-less / -free等,例如:

--It is abnormal for him to walk in his sleep. (梦游症)

--This will disqualify (使…没有资格) him from taking part in the game.

--The ship was leaky (漏) and very much disabled.

--Your remark is ill-timed.

--Every word he said was impossible of belief.

--The new evidence has completely invalidated(使…站不住脚)his theory.

--To be afraid of the number 13 is irrational.

--He bore (忍受) his misfortunes bravely.

--On the sea there were fleets of nondescript ships—converted yachts,riverboats,tugs and barges. (在海上有成批的无法归类的船只——改装的游艇、河里的小船、拖船和驳船。)

--Such criticism is meaningless.

--The cause of the accident remains unknown to us.

--Water is incompatible (不相容)with fire.

--She is getting impatient.

--The method of working is useless.

--She is reckless of consequence. (她是不顾后果的。)

--She dislikes being spoken to like this.

--The sea is ice-free.

--He bought two bottles of wine at the duty-free (免税) shop.

上述否定词缀一般都表示否定,但是有时有些否定词缀(前缀,后缀)并不表示否定。例如:

--Thank you for your invaluable (宝贵的) help.

--That nurse was indifferent (冷漠) to the sufferings of the patients.

--Oil is inflammable. (油容易燃烧。)

--Something seems to have unloosed her tongue.(不知什么事情使她说个没完。)

--Styles come and go,but good taste is timeless.(风格随时在变,而风雅是永恒的。)

--He’s a shameless (无耻) liar.

--Works of art,historical monuments and priceless history records were ruthlessly destroyed. (艺术品、历史上遗留下来的纪念品以及珍贵的历史文献惨遭破坏。)

注意:英语中的前缀in-,un-通常表示“不”或“…的相反”的含义,因此由其构成的派生词一般具有否定的意义。然而,有些由这两个前缀构成的派生词并非有否定的意义,而与词根同义或近义。著名学者周海中教授在《in-,un-不一定表示“否定”》一文中就举了若干个例子,如:coming/incoming(来到),habit/inhabit(居住于),loose/unloose(解开,释放),rip/unrip(撕开)等。这类派生词虽然不多,但值得注意,勿望词生义。

副词

有些副词本身形式上是肯定,但是具有否定的性质,因此不要再用否定词去加强这类词。如:hardly,seldom,scarcely,rarely,little等。这些词一旦出现,则表示整个句子的意思接近完全否定,称之为几乎否定。

副词hardly和scarcely的意思等同于almost not或almost no。例如:

--They scarcely/hardly seem to care.

--It is hardly/scarcely right.

--Hardly anyone wants the job. (Quirk.)

--I can barely speak to any of my colleagues.

注意:hardly/scarcely和not 一样,可以与不定惯词a,不定代词any以及副词yet和ever等搭配。例如:

--They hardly have any friends.

--He hardly ever leaves his office before twelve o’clock.

--He had hardly a penny left.

--They can hardly have got there yet.

要否定某件事时,使用包括否定词not (或n’t),no,nothing,nowhere等的否定句。句子中否定词后面的部分叫否定范围。这部分就是需要否定的内容。否定范围可以包括,也可以不包括句尾的状语。例如:

--He definitely hasn’t taken the job. (It’s definite that he hasn’t)句中definitely一词在否定范围以外。

--He hasn’t definitely taken the job. (It’s not definitely that he has)句中的definitely则在否定范围以内。

--They weren’t at home/for the whole day.

--(For the whole day,they weren’t at home.)

--They weren’t at home for the whole day.

--(It’s not true that they were at home for the whole day.)

在否定范围内要使用any型词,如any,yet和ever,anyone,anything,anywhere,at all,either。但在否定词后也可以使用some型词。如some,already,sometimes,somebody,something,somewhere,some-time,already,somewhat,somehow,too (表增加的副词),但这些词在否定范围之外。因此在否定范围之内的any型词与在否定范围之外的some型词所表达的意思是不同的。例如:

--I didn’t attend any of the lectures (I attended none of the lectures).

--We haven’t had dinner yet.

--I didn’t attend some of the lectures (There were some lectures that I didn’t attend).

否定词的一般作用就是使带否定词的句子变成否定。这就意味着带not的否定句的某些特点,也适用于其他否

定词

(1)否定词后面一般不用some类词而用any类词,这是由some类词和any类词的语法特征所决定的。some一般用于肯定陈述句,any一般用于yes-no问句和否定词后面。例如:

--I seldom get any sleep after the baby wakes up.

--I’ve spoken to hardly anyone who disagrees with me on this point.

否定词在句首时,主语和功能词位置要颠倒,也就是说,语序是功能词 + 主语(除非否定词包括在主语之内)。

在否定句中,any类词不只跟在not或n’t后面,也跟在nobody, no,scarcely等其他否定词后面。

Hardly/scarcely与不定代词anybody,anyone,anything并列在一起,相当于almost not a 或almost not one 的意思。

--Hardly/Scarcely anybody believes that.

--I hardly/scarcely saw anything.

副词seldom和rarely是not often 的意思。例如:

--I seldom get any sleep.

--Living as they do in a remote (偏远的) village,they rarely have visitors.

(2)never为否定词,only在某种程度上也是一个否定词。当only强调表示主语的名词词组时,可与any连用。例如:

--I have never seen such a device.

--I never said such a thing.

--Only two of us had any experience in sailing.

注意:never在句中的位置和not相同,但如果never的位置放置不同,句意就不同。例如:

--He never intended to use the method. (他从来没想使用这种方法。)

--He intended never to use the method.(他想从此不再使用这种方法了。)

以上(1)和(2)中的否定或有否定含义的副词时常放在陈述句首,以表示强调,而其后所用的词序用倒装语序。

--Rarely does crime pay so well as many people think.

--Scarcely ever has the British nation suffered so much.

--Little did I expect such enthusiasm from so many. (Crowell)

Only强调的句首部分不是主语部分时,其后所用的词序有时可用倒装,也可以不用倒装。例如:

--Only his mother will he obey.

比较:

--Only his mother he will obey. =It’s only his mother that he will obey. (Quirk)

--Only on Sundays do they eat with their children. (only修饰状语on Sundays)

(3)可以用来表示否定意义的副词还有down,off,otherwise,out,vainly等。例如:

--He is down in health. (他身体欠佳。)

--We have the afternoon off on Saturdays. (我们星期六下午不工作。)

--He stood still,trying vainly to answer my question.(他愣愣的站着,回答不出我的问题。)

--The Labour Party was out (of power). (工党不掌权了。)

介词

有一部分介词可使用在排除否定句中,即:一个句子里有二个部分:一部分肯定,另一部分被否定;反过来也是这样,这种否定句称为排除否定句。例如:

--We all went but him.此句中被否定的是“他”。

--We all did not go but him.此句中的“他”处于谓语动作的否定之外。这两句都属于排除否定句。

but 是介词,表示“除……外”。相当于but的还有except,excepting,barring,except for,with the exception of,but for等。例如:

--He could answer all the questions but one.

--There was nothing in the desk but a few pencils.

--Nobody knew it but me.

--It snowed everywhere yesterday but in the South.

--Who but he would do such a thing?

--All the items were discussed exclusive of (除……外) the last two.

--They passed with the exception of (除……之外) three.

--The meeting will be held next Tuesday barring unforeseen factors (如无意外情况).

--I looked everywhere except there.

--He desired nothing except (to) see cherry trees.

--I looked for the book everywhere except in the laboratory (实验室).

--The screen was all dark save for (除了) one bright spot.

注意:but作介词时相当于except (除……之外)。主要用在all,no- body,nothing,who,where…… 等之后(参见以上例句)。except; except for和but for三者意思不一样,用法也不一样。

except 作“除……之外”解,表示被排除的人或事与句中列举的人或事物属于同一种类。例如:

--We all succeeded except Xiao Li.

except for 作“除……外,只是……”解,表示被排除的人或物不属同一类。句子说明基本情况后,由except for引出的人或物对基本状况作表异议的补充说明。例如:

--The hall is empty except for a man on duty.

but for 作“要不是……”解,相当于一个条件状语结构。例如:

--But for air and water,nothing could live.

有些介词,暗含否定性概念,这类介词有above,beneath,beyond,from,again,behind,below,without,beside,besides,but,inside,out-side,over,under,off,past等。例如:

--To be vain of one’s rank or place is to show that one is below it.(凡因自己的地位而觉得了不起的人,就表明他不配有这样的地位。)

--He is above playing tricks on others. (他不至于捉弄他人。)

--Almost everything was against him.

--That’s all beside the point (不关正题).

--He is anything but (决不是) a scholar.

--They are under ten years of age (不满10岁).

--To my mind,his integrity is above suspicion.(在我看来,他的廉洁是不容置疑的。)

--The book is above me. (这本书我读不懂。)

--This kind of thing is beneath attention (不值得注意).

--The scene after the earthquake was beyond description.

--She only just refrained (克制) from giving a cry.

--Everyone was invited to the party besides me (除我之外).

--We have been without rain for a long time.

--The book are off (=no longer on) the shelves.

--Our car broke down again inside a mile (不到一英里).

--She is off duty now.

--The pain was past bearing (无法忍受).

--That’s outside my interests.

注意:介词without作“没有”解,多半作条件状语用,也可作行为方式状语或定语。例如:

--We can do nothing without energy. (条件状语)

--He did the experiment without difficulty. (行为方式状语)

--This will be a new-type automobile without any wheel.

--instead of 作“而不是”解,可以做介词,也可以作连词。例如:

--Instead of giving me an apple,she gave me a pear.

--The child was walking in the street,instead of on the sidewalk (人行道),but right next to the curb (路边). (连词)

--This is dull instead of interesting. (连词)

动词短语

这类短语有:fall/run short (of) (缺乏),free from,keep from,keep off,lose sight of,protect from,refrain from,save from,turn a deaf ear,make light of,warn against,prevent from等。例如:

--We have run short of rubber and wood again.

--He falls short in a number of respects in punctuality,in courtesy,and in attention to his work.

(他在守时、礼貌和专心工作等几方面都有不足之处。)

--It is a day that frees from wind (无风).

--He kept the matter from everybody’s knowledge.

--The antibiotics (抗生素) have protected millions of people from being killed by bacteria (细菌).

--He saved the boy from drowning (淹死).

--He turned a deaf ear to my advice.

--He makes light of everything. (他把什么都不当一回事。)

--He warned me against smoking in the library.

形容词短语

可以用来表示否定意义的形容词短语有:far from,far cry from (与……完全不同),free from,free of,safe from,short of,independent of,absent from,devoid of (没有),ignorant of (不知道),innocent of (没有),the last等。例如:

--The work is far from (being) completed.

--What he said is far cry from what he did.

--He is free from care (忧虑).

--The village is said to be free of thieves.

--They are independent of their parents.

--Some of the students were absent from class yesterday.

--She seems devoid of common sense.

--I was ignorant of the fact.

--The windows are innocent of glass.

--The last person I want to see is Jeff. (杰夫是我最不想见到的人。)

--He is the last man to accept a bribe.(他决不受贿。)

副词短语

可以用来表示否定意义的副词短语有:apart from,away from,out of 等。例如:

--He kept himself apart from other children.(他与其他孩子不合群。)

--Apart from the cost,the hat doesn’t suit me.(这帽子不合适,更不说价钱贵了。)

--Stay away from the fire! (不要靠近火!)

--The ancient town is out of existence.

介词短语

用来表示否定意义的复合介词有:but for,in the dark,in default of,in defect of,at one’s end,at fault,for fear of,in ignorance of,at issue with,at a loss,in the negative,in place of,in spite ,of,instead of,out of,in vain 等。例如:

--But for him,we should fail.

--He is still in the dark.(他仍然一无所知。)

--Cooks could make artificial birds and fishes in default of real ones. (厨师在没有真禽真鱼时,可以做出假禽假鱼。)

--I used artificial flowers in defect of real ones.

--We are in complete ignorance of his plan. (我们根本不知道他的计划。)

--We are entirely at issue with him. (我们的意见与他不和。)

--I am at a loss what to do.

--He answered in the negative.

--We may use this substance in place of soap.

--They wanted to go in spite of (尽管) rain.

--They used chopsticks instead of knives and forks.(他们用筷子而不用刀叉。)

--Out of sight,out of mind. (眼不见,心不烦。)

--I tried in vain to get any information from her.

连词短语

可以用来表示否定意义的复合连词有:but that,in case that,except that,excepting that,for ,fear that,or (else),rather than,save that,saving that,still less等。例如:

--Who knows but that it may be so? (谁能说不会这样呢?)

--He would have helped us but that he was short of money at the time. (要不是他那时没有钱,他会帮助我们的。)

--Keep silence,or else I shall stop speaking. (保持安静,否则我就不讲了。)

--They are engaged in designing an engine rather than (in) repairing the machine. (他们从事发动机的设计工作,而不是修理那台机器。)

--You should help them rather than they should help you.

--This book is difficult rather than easy for me to read.(这本书我读起来并不容易,而是相当困难。)

--She doesn’t like music,much less dancing.

--I don’t accuse you of falsehood,still less of dishonesty.(我不会控告你的虚伪,更不会控告你的欺诈。)

--He could not operate the machine,still less could he fix it. (Wang)

--I know nothing about him except that he lives next door. (Zhan)

--He’s working hard for fear (that) he should fail. (Oxf)

--We have no news save that the ship reached port safely.

注意 still less 是用于否定句之后,less是否定副词little 的比较级。所以,still less 比句子前一部分的否定更进一步的深入。much less 和even less 与still less 意思相同。使用still less 时,如果后一部分是句子时,后一部分必须倒装。使用still less 时,如果句子的前半部分没有否定词not,虽则是否定意义时,一般不用still less,而用still more。例如:

--Proof reading is uninteresting,still more so when it is one’s own work.

使用still less 短语时,要否定的句子成分必须和前面的句子成分相对称,rather than短语用法也一样(如例句所示)。rather than 短语可以表示主观愿望的抉择,即“宁愿……而不……”、“不是(或不应该是)这样,而是(或应该是)那样”。此时,句中多半有would,had等词;rather than短语还可以反映客观上的差异,即表示“与其说是……不如说是……”、“倒不如说”之意。

--save that 和 saving that 作“除了”解,这是比较文气陈旧的用法,通常用except that和excepting that。

反意疑问句

(Tag questions)

反意疑问句从结构上看,总是有两部分:第一部分是否定结构,第二部分就用肯定结构。第一部分提出一种看法,第二部分用来质疑或者表示证实,即要求证实问句内容的真实性。说话人坚信第一部分说的是事实,第二部分只是用来强调或证实一下。也就是说,否定的倾向就强些。反意疑问句只是证实一下提问者本来心里已经有数的答复,这类句子与其说是疑问句,不如说是陈述句。

a. 陈述句的谓语为否定式的反义疑问

--You won’t forget the shopping,will you?

--She never/scarcely seems to care,does she?

--Nobody was watching me,were they? (Leech)

--He doesn’t like his job,does he? (Leech)

--Your friend didn’t write you often,did he?

注意:

(1)反意疑问句是加在陈述句后面的缩短了的yes—no问句。它的组成是功能词加代词。用什么功能词以及功能词用什么时态,取决于前面的动词短语。代词要重复,或回指陈述句中的主语。例如:

--The boat hasn’t left,has it?

(2) 如果用像suppose这样的动词,主语是第一人称,动词后面接that分句,就会出现以下情况,例如:

--I suppose you’re not serious,are you? (不说:I suppose you’re not serious,don’t I?)

(3) 在带used to的陈述句后面,反意疑问句中的功能动词用did。例如:usedn’t

--They used not to write to you,did they?

--didn’t use

(4) 如果反意疑问句的陈述部分含有no,none,no one,nobody,never,nothing等这样的词,其疑问尾句是一般疑问式。例如 :

--None of your students liked the novel,did they?

--You have never been to Hangzhou,have you?

--The surgeons could do nothing for the patient,could they?

--There was nobody in the room,was there?

(5) 有hardly,seldom,scarcely,barely等这样的词的陈述句,也作为否定陈述句对待,即其疑问尾句也是一般疑问式。例如:

--She was hardly ten then,was she?

--Mary seldom goes to the cinema,does she?

--Scarcely any wine has yet arrived,has it? (Quirk)

(6) 如果句子的主语是no one,nobody,none,anybody,anyone和neither时,用代词they作为疑问尾句的主语。例如:

--Neither of them go there in time for the meeting,did they?

--I don’t suppose anyone will get to like the film,will they?

但是如果句子的主语是nothing时,疑问尾句的主语则是代词it。例如:

--Nothing was said about the matter,was it?

b. 否定式祈使句后的反意疑问句

在否定式祈使句后的反意疑问中,必须用肯定形式will you,这使直截了当的否定变得含蓄一些了。例如:

--Don’t do that,will you?

--Don’t throw the book away,will you?

--Don’t let’s do that,shall we?

--Don’t let him do that again,will you?

注意:在以let us开头的否定陈述部分开头时,后面反意疑问句用shall we。

not的位置

(Position of not)

在英语中,否定副词not可以出现动词(be)之后,或助动词(do)之后,或情态动词之后,

以对句子的谓语进行否定;也可以出如今句子中的某个成分(主语、主语补语、宾语、定语、状语、谓语的陈述词等)之前,对名词、代语、形容词、副词、不定式、分词或主动词等进行否

定;not所处的这些位置使否定句被划分为二大类:即“一般否定句” 和“特指否定句”。下面就以这

种划分阐明not的位置问题。

1 Not在“一般否定句”中的位置

一般来说,用否定副词not否定谓语动词,并通过否定谓语使全句受到否定的句子,叫做“一般否定句”。Not在“一般否定句”中有以下几种位置:

a. not放在联系动词之后

联系动词有am,is,are,was,were这五种形式,not即放在这五个联系动词之后。例如:

--China of today is not what it was twenty years ago.

注意:

(1)在疑问句中,not与特殊动词构成缩略式一起放在主语之前;或特殊动词提到主语之前,not留存主语之后。例如:

--Isn’t that Teddy Thomson out?

--Is that Teddy Thomson not out?

不可以说:*Is not that Teddy Thomson out?

(2)这五个形式有时也作助动词。例如:

--We are not going to do it.

--Tom was not fooled by his friend.

(3)在 there is,there are 表示存在的句型中,not否定副词放在联系动词(be)后面,there 在这里是引导词。not a 后面跟单数名词,not any 跟复数名词或不可数名词。例如:

--There is not a moment to be lost. (分秒必争)。

--There is not any water in the bottle.

b. 放在助动词(do)之后,实义动词之前。

如果句中只有行为动词,在构成否定式时,就需在行为动词的前面加do not (doesn’t),过去时一概用did not (didn’t)。例如:

--I don’t know why Mr. Cooper is so angry today.

--They did not steal so much.

--She does not have his letter. (她没有收到他的信)

--I did not have breakfast this morning.

注意:

(1)have 意为“有”、“具有”时,可以直接在其后加not,也可以借助do(does,did)构成否定式。例如:

--They have not a swimming pool in their school. (英国英语

--They do not have a swimming pool in their school. (美国英语)

Have意为“有”、“具有”以外的含义时,无论是美国英语还是英国英语,均借助do(does,did),构成否定式。例如:

--He didn’t have a rest after lunch.

在完成时中,not放在have(has,had)之后。例如:

--They have not finished the work.

否定词not有时直接放于行为动词后面,而不借助于助动词。这是一种古旧的用法,如今多用于诗歌、谚语和比较庄重的文体中。例如:

--I know not why I am so sad.

--He,hearing this,knew not how to behave,nor how to answer her.

--We are fleet-winged men at arms; we fear not mountains or rivers deep.

有些虚拟语气的从句,其谓语动词的前面,没有助动词,只有副词not。例如:

--The doctor suggested that my father not go to New York.

--It is important that he not give up hope because of difficulties in his work.

--It is requested that the delivery of goods not be delayed.

c. 放在情态动词后。

情态动词有:can,could,might,may,must,ought,need,dare,should等。例如:

--She won’t object.

--He wouldn’t stand that type of music.

--He dare not do it.

2 Not在“特指否定句” 中的位置

如前所述,not位于谓语动词之前而否定谓语的就是“一般否定句”。英语里还有一种否定句,它不是否定谓语,而是就句子中某个成份(如主语、主语补语、定语、宾语、状语、谓语内的陈述词等)进行否定,它所否定的对象可以是名词、代词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、动名词或主动词等。这类否定非谓语成分的句子,就叫“否定句”。在“特指否定句“中,not用于否定非谓语成分主要基于这两种情况:第一是不这样安排not,就会改变句子意义;第二是用于含有对比的叙述中。not在“特指否定句”中的位置有以下几种:

a. not位于主语之前。例如:

--Not a soul was anywhere visible.

--Not many of us wanted the war.

b. not 位于主语补语之前。

一般来说,not位于联系动词之后,否定谓语动词be,属“一般否定句”。然而有时,虽然位于联系动词之后,却不是为了否定谓语动词,而是否定主语补语,属“特指否定句 ”。例如:

--It’s not a cat,but a dog.

--His object is not to eat. (他的目的是不吃饭)

c. not位于宾语之前。例如:

--You must always remember not to become conceited. (自负)

--I can not risk not telling him.

--We felt sorry for not coming on time.

--The teacher told his students not to make such a mistake again. (否定复合宾语的第二部分)

注意:

在I think,I believe,I feel. I suppose,I expect 等引出的宾语从句中,英语习惯将从句中的否定词not 放在主句中。这种句子形式上是否定主句谓语动词的,实际上是否定宾语从句的。例如:

--I don’t think it’s right to make such a hasty decision.

--I don’t believe that he will come tomorrow.

--I didn’t expect you would do such a thing.

d. not位于定语之前。

--Not all the books are good.

--Not two native speakers of English speak it alike.

--Not every student can do the problem.

e. not位于状语之前。例如:

--I went to see him off,not to meet him.

--They suffered not a little through the war.

--Not knowing his address,I did not write to him.

--Not surprisingly,he failed in the final exam

注意:

否定状语或状语从句时,往往将否定词提前移到谓语中去,其意义仍然是表示否定后面的部分。例如:

--He didn’t walk across the park. (not否定across the park)

--You can’t judge a thing only by its looks. (not 否定by its looks)

--He didn’t leave college because he was tired of learning. (not 否定原因状语从句

--I didn’t go because I was afraid. (not否定原因状语从句)

此句中,显然有两个不同的意思:第一个意思是:“我没有去因为我害怕”;第二个意思是:“我并非因为害怕而去”。第一义,not 否定谓语动词,属“一般否定句”;第二义,not否定非谓语成分,即原因状语从句,属“特指否定句”。此歧义可以在I didn't go 之后上标上一个表示停顿的逗号而得以消除。

--I didn’t go,because I was afraid.

此句中的not,否定谓语动词go。

f. 谓语内的陈述词否定。

通常not否定副词位于情态动词后时,对谓语动词进行否定,属“一般否定句”;然而有时,not位于情态动词后时,却是对谓语中的主动词进行否定,属“特指否定句”,但与一般的“特指否定句”又有不同的地方,因为它的否定范围从谓语的主动词开始直至延伸到几个句子成分,并且有的句子还有不定代词any。例如:

--They may not go swimming. (=They are allowed not to go swimming.) (他们可以不去游泳。)

这是一个肯定句,谓语一半否定,即否定主动词go,情态动词肯定。

--You could not attend any of the lectures. (=It’s possible for you not to attend any of the lectures.)

有时一个句子包含有两种否定:即“一般否定”和“谓语内陈述词否定”。例如:

--I can’t not obey the order. (= It is not possible for me not to obey the order.或I have to obey the order.)

--You can’t not admire her. (=It is not possible for you not to admire her.或You have to admire her.)

全部否定

(Full negation)

全部否定是百分之百地、毫无例外地否认一个事物的存在、成立或真实性。英语句子在表示全部 否定意思时,常用以下四种形式:a. 含有“绝无”意义的否定词(如no,none等)+ 表示肯定意义的谓语这种形式;b. 用否定谓语 + 不定代词或不定副词形式;c. 肯定谓语 + 含否定意义的单词;d. all等概括词 + 肯定谓语 + 含有否定意义的单词。这四种形式来表达。

a. no,none等否定词 + 肯定谓语

否定词除no,none外,还有nobody,nothing,nowhere,neither,nor,nohow(绝不,毫不), nowise(一点也不)等。这些词本身就是绝对否定意义,谓语虽然是肯定形式,但整个句子仍

表达否定的意义。例如:

--Nobody can tolerate this.

--No trickery can fool us.

--Neither of the sisters is here.

--The book was nowhere to be found. (Wan)

b. 否定谓语 + 不定代词或不定副词

not + any / anyone / anybody / anything / anywhere / either / anywise/ anyways / or / ever表示全部否定的概念。例如:

--I didn’t go anywhere this morning.

--I don’t like either of the novels.

--Anyhow I shall not go today.

--I am not taking linguistics or American literature. (Wan.)

注意:

不定代词通常不能在否定词的前面。例如:

--Nobody can do it.

不能说:Anybody cannot do it.

not + half 也可表示全部否定的概念。例如:

--You don’t mean half what you are saying. (你说的,根本不是你想的。)

c. 肯定谓语 + 含否定意义的单词

--I have answered every single question,but my opponent has answered none.

--He was nowhere to be seen.

--The ship was leaky and very much disabled (不能用).

--It’s utterly impossible that you will catch the bus.

--On this hot day the sea was irresistible.(在这样的热天,我们无法抵御下海的欲望。)

--This book is useless.

注意:带否定词缀的词,也可表示全部否定的概念。有关常用的否定前缀和否定后缀可参考

d. All等概括词 + 肯定谓语加上含否定意义的单词

all,every,both等概括词在本句型中表示全部否定。它的否定意义不是通过谓语,而是通过句子其他成分中含有否定意义的单词表达出来。例如:

--Every result was abnormal (不正常).

--Both substances are impure (不纯).

--All her fuss (大惊小怪) is unnecessary.

--All his plans came to nothing.(他的一切计划都没有实现。)

注意:

(1) 此句型也可以通过谓语来表示否定意义,但是谓语动词在形式上必须是肯定式,只是靠它的词缀来表示它的否定意义。如dislike,disbelieve。例如:

--We all disbelieve in the existence of God.

--We both dislike pop music.

(2) little和dream,expect,think等动词连用时,有完全否定的意思。例如:

--Little did I dream of succeeding so well.(我做梦也未想到会有这样大的成功。)

部分否定

(Partial negation)

部分否定是局部地或在一定程度上否定一个事物的成立、存在或真实性。在日常英语中,表示部分否定通常可以同以下四种方式表达:a. 用表示“部分”意思的some/sometimes等词加上否定词;b. 用否定词not加上表示“较大数量”或“较大程度”的many/much等词;c. 用否定词not + 表示 “整体”、“全体”意思的all/entirely等词;d. 否定词与and连接的两个并列词语连用。

a. 用表示“部分”意思的some/sometimes等词 + 否定词。这种形式,可以表示部分否定的概念。例如:

--Some students are not right in answering the question.

--Sometimes you are not right.

b. 用否定词not + many/much等词。

部分否定也是对较大数量或较大程度的否定,因此可以用not + many / much / very much / some 来表示部分否定的概念。例如:

--There are not many books on the shelf.

--There is not much water left in the bottle.

--I don’t like classic very much.

--I don’t like some of his poems.

c. 用否定词not + 表示“整体”、“全体”的意思的all/entirely等词

部分否定是对全部肯定的否定,因此可以用not + all / every / both / always / fully / wholly / altogether / entirely / quite来表示部分否定的概念。例如:

--All is not gold that glitters. (是发光的并非都是黄金。)

--All the answers are not right. (答案并非全对。)

--I don’t know all of them. (对于他们我不是个个都认识。)

--Not all the students will be translators.

--Every one cannot make music. (不是所有的人都懂音乐。)

--Everybody wouldn’t like it. (并不是人人都喜欢它。)

--Not everything is attractive and interesting over there.

--Not everyone can play the violin.

--Not every man can do it.

--Both children are not clever. (两个孩子并不都是聪明的。)

--I don’t like both of the novels. (这两本小说我不是都喜欢。)

--Not both methods are practical.

--Such a thing is not found everywhere.

--A man of learning is not always a man of wisdom.

--We don’t wholly agree with him.

--This kind of person is never to be entirely trusted.

--Joanna was not altogether satisfied with the sailor.

--The new house is not quite what it should be.

d. 否定词与and连接的两个并列词语连用

否定词与and连接的两个并列词语连用时,有时只表示部分否定,即通常否定and后面的部分。例如:

--He did not speak clearly and correctly.(他不能讲得清楚而正确。即:他讲得清楚但不正确。)

--The lecture was not instructive and interesting.(讲座颇有教育意义,但不生动。)

--I am sorry. But I simply cannot stay up night after night at parties and work the next morning. (对不起,我只是不能天天在晚会上熬夜,而第二天早上又得工作。)

注意:

(1) 否定词后用and连接两个并列成分时,有时会出现两种情况:要么仅否定其中的一个并列成分(多为后者),要么两个并列成分双双受到否定(此时and的作用与or相同),这样便会造成句子出现歧义。例如:

--He doesn’t have long hair and wear jeans. (他并非既蓄长发,又穿工作裤。或:他没有蓄长发也没有穿工作裤。)

不过这种歧义也可以通过上下文清除。又例如:

--You cannot eat your cake and have it. (谚语:鱼和熊掌不能兼得。)只有一种含义:“事无双全”。

(2) 否定词与由as well as连接的两个并列结构连用时,否定词只否定as well as之前的部分,而对 as well as后面的部分却表示肯定。例如:

--I shall not go as well as you. (你去,但我不去。)

--Tom does not speak French as well as English. (汤姆说英语,但不说法语。)

双重否定

(Double negation)

所谓双重否定,即句子,不仅在简单句子,也可在复合句中,同时有两个否定词,或一个否定词 和一个具有否定含义的词、短语等。这种两次运用否定手段,起到了相互抵消否定意义的作用, 实际上是强调的肯定。这种表达方式或为了表达委婉的语气,或为了加强整个句子的语气,同一般的肯定句相比,更加重了肯定色彩,更富有感染作用。

双重否定具有下列表达形式:

a. 否定词 + 否定词缀

(1) 否定词 + 否定前缀

例如:

--Such things have happened not infrequently.

--Nothing is unsuspected.

--But it seemed no impossibility to him.

--The tart (尖刻的) reply did not discomfort him.

--A radar screen (荧光屏) is never unlike a television screen.

(2) 否定词 + 否定后缀

例如:

--The period of waiting was not limitless.

--No cigarette is completely harmless.

(有关否定前缀和否定后缀可参照27.1.1)

b. 否定词 + 含有否定意义的词

(1) 否定词 + 名词

例如:

--No one has any doubts about his ability.

(2) 否定词 + 动词

例如:

--We must never fail to act as the doctor has told us to.

(3)否定词 + 形容词

例如:

--No one can be free of faults.

(4) 否定词 + 副词

例如:

--Not once did he answer otherwise. (他没有一次不是这样回答。)

(5) 否定词 + 介词

否定词 + without

例如:

--There is no rule without exceptions (例外).

否定词 + but (for)

例如:

--Some oil wells produce nothing but salt water.

--But for your help,we couldn’t have finished the work in time.

否定词 + except

例如:

--She doesn’t do anything except looking after her baby.

(6) 否定词 + 连词

否定词 + 连词unless

例如:

--Do not come unless I call you. (我不叫你,你就不要来。)

--He will never go there unless he is invited.

否定词 + 连词until / till

例如:

--It was not until 1979 that I began to study English.

--He didn’t go abroad till he graduated from college.

c. 否定词 + 否定词

(1) 完全否定词 + 完全否定词

例如:

--No one has nothing to eat.

--Nobody has nothing to offer to society. (没有人不向社会贡献的。)

--None of us have never made mistakes.

--He is nothing if not diligent. (勤勉是他的最大的长处。)

(2) 完全否定词 + 半否定词

例如:

--He took no little pain over it. (他在这事上费了很多力气。)

--He is not seldom ill.

--It is not rarely that they discuss the matter from all angles.

--The doctor’s achievements are nothing short of a miracle. (医生的成就简直是奇迹。)

d. 否定词 + 否定句

例如:

--No pains,no gains.

--Nothing can be wholly beautiful that is not useful. (凡是没有用的东西就没有可能达到十全十美。)

--He replied that there was nothing he would not sacrifice (牺牲).

含有否定词的句子 + 否定连词but的句子

例如:

--It never rains but it pours. (没有一次下雨不是倾盆大雨。)

--I never see you but I think of my brother.

含有否定词的句子 + 有否定含义的关系代词but的句子。

例如:

--There is no rule but has exception (例外).

--No one but can do it. (没有人不能做这件事。)

--There is not a woman but doesn’t get an eye for illness.(没有一个女人对病痛没有识别力的。)

--He never comes but he brings something for her.

注意:

(1) but在下列例句中是否定副词,此时but后面只能接动词原形,即不带to的动词不定式,有时也

可用cannot choose/help but但是以cannot but形式最常用。例如:

--I could not but speak the truth. (我不得不说实话。)

--We can not choose but read books to increase our knowledge.

(2) but that前面含有否定意义的doubt,question,wonder,deny等词语时,but that相当于连接词

that,不再含有否定意义。例如:

--There is no question but that the earth is round. (毫无疑问,地球是圆的。)

--I don’t deny but that he will become an outstanding teacher. (我不否认他会成为一名出色的教 师。)

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