茅膏菜属

更新时间:2024-04-10 11:29

茅膏菜属,学名:Drosera Linn,为石竹目、茅膏菜科下级分类。

形态特征

草本,通常多年生;根状茎短,具不定根,常具有根功能的退化叶,末端具或不具鳞茎状球茎。叶互生或基生而莲座状密集,被头状粘腺毛,幼叶常拳卷;托叶膜质,常条裂。

聚伞花序顶生或腋生,幼时弯卷;花萼5裂,稀4-8裂,基部多少合生,宿存;花瓣5,分离,花时开展,花后聚集扭转,宿存于顶部;雄蕊与花瓣同数,互生;子房上位,1室,侧膜胎座2-5,胚珠多数,稀少数;花柱3-5,稀2-6,呈各式分裂或不裂,宿存。

蒴果,室背开裂;种子小,多数,外种皮具网状脉纹。

生长环境

分布于1200-3650米的松林和疏林下,草丛或灌丛中,田边、水旁、草坪亦可见。

分布范围

亚洲

中国(云南、四川、广东、福建、江西、浙江、广西、海南、西藏、贵州、江苏、湖南、吉林、台湾、安徽、河南、湖北、黑龙江、山东、内蒙古、香港、澳门)、孟加拉、印度、印度尼西亚、马来西亚、文莱、柬埔寨、格鲁吉亚、日本、朝鲜、老挝、黎巴嫩、叙利亚、蒙古、缅甸、尼泊尔、菲律宾、斯里兰卡、泰国、土耳其、越南

欧洲

俄罗斯、奥地利、白俄罗斯、比利时、保加利亚、捷克、斯洛伐克、丹麦、芬兰、法国、德国、英国、希腊、匈牙利、冰岛、爱尔兰、意大利、荷兰、挪威、波兰、葡萄牙、罗马尼亚、西班牙、瑞典、瑞士、乌克兰、南斯拉夫

非洲

南非中非、安哥拉、贝宁、博茨瓦纳、布基纳法索、布隆迪、喀麦隆、乍得、刚果、埃塞俄比亚、加蓬、冈比亚、加纳、几内亚、几内亚比绍、科特迪瓦、肯尼亚、莱索托、利比里亚、马达加斯加、马拉维、马里、莫桑比克、纳米比亚、尼日尔、尼日利亚、卢旺达、塞内加尔、塞拉利昂、苏丹、斯威士兰、坦桑尼亚、多哥、乌干达、赞比亚、津巴布韦

南美洲

阿根廷、玻利维亚、巴西、智利、哥伦比亚、厄瓜多尔、法国(法属圭亚那)、圭亚那、巴拉圭、秘鲁、苏里南、乌拉圭、委内瑞拉

北美洲

美国、加拿大、伯利兹、哥斯达黎加、古巴、多米尼加、丹麦(格陵兰)、洪都拉斯、牙买加、墨西哥、尼加拉瓜、巴拿马、特立尼达和多巴哥

大洋洲

巴布亚新几内亚、新西兰、美国(夏威夷)、法国(新喀里多尼亚)、澳大利亚

模式种

茅膏菜属模式种为圆叶茅膏菜

多年生草本,茎短。叶基生,密集,具长柄;叶片圆形或扁圆形,长3-9毫米,宽5-12毫米,叶缘具长头状粘腺毛,上面腺毛较短,背面常无毛;叶柄扁平,长1-6厘米,具毛或无毛;托叶膜质,长约6毫米,下半部紧贴叶柄,上半部开展,5-7裂,裂片渐尖。螺状聚伞花序1-2条,腋生,花葶状,纤细,直立,长8.5-21厘米,不分叉,具花3-8朵,花序梗和花轴被柔毛状腺毛或近无毛,苞片小,钻形;花梗长1-3毫米,与萼同被粉状毛;花萼长约4毫米,下部合生,上部5裂,裂片卵形或狭卵形,边缘疏具小腺齿;花瓣5,白色,长约5-6毫米,匙形;雄蕊5,长约4-5毫米;子房椭圆球形,长约3毫米,1室,侧膜胎座3,胚球多数,花柱3,每个2深裂至基部,棒状,顶端稍扩大。蒴果,熟后开裂为3果爿;种子多数,椭圆球形,微具网状脉纹,外面包以囊状、疏松、两端延伸渐尖的外种皮。花期夏、秋季,果期秋、冬季。

主要价值

茅膏菜的提取物至少包含二种萘醌衍生物,具有强大的解痉作用。

茅膏菜全草的甘油提取液及甲醇提取液注入蛙胸部淋巴囊及大腿肌肉内,10小时以后检查局部有出血性坏死。

性能:性温,味辛;有小毒。活血散结,止痛。

下级物种

原生物种

Drosera aberrans (Lowrie & Carlquist) Lowrie & Conran

无茎茅膏菜Drosera acaulis L.f.

阿帝露茅膏菜Drosera adelae F.Muell.

奇异茅膏菜Drosera admirabilis Debbert

阿菲尼斯茅膏菜Drosera affinis Welw. ex Oliv.

白花茅膏菜Drosera alba E.Phillips

Drosera albonotata A.S.Rob., A.T.Cross, Meisterl & A.Fleischm.

爱丽丝茅膏菜Drosera aliciae Raym.-Hamet

晓美茅膏菜Drosera allantostigma (N.G.Marchant & Lowrie) Lowrie & Conran

Drosera amazonica Rivadavia, A.Fleischm. & Vicent.

Drosera andersoniana Fitzg. ex Ewart & Jean White

Drosera androsacea Diels

英国茅膏菜Drosera anglica Huds.

Drosera aquatica Lowrie

Drosera arachnoides Rakotoar. & A.Fleischm.

亚瑟茅膏菜Drosera arcturi Hook.

沙生茅膏菜Drosera arenicola Steyerm.

Drosera ascendens A.St.-Hil.

Drosera atrata T.Krueger, A.Fleischm. & Bourke

Drosera atrostyla Debbert

Drosera aurantiaca Lowrie

Drosera auriculata Backh. ex Planch.

Drosera australis (N.G.Marchant & Lowrie) Lowrie & Conran

Drosera banksii R.Br. ex DC.

胡须毛毡苔Drosera barbigera Planch.

Drosera barrettiorum Lowrie

Drosera basifolia (N.G.Marchant & Lowrie) Lowrie

Drosera bequaertii Taton

Drosera bicolor Lowrie & Carlquist

双花茅膏菜Drosera biflora Willd. ex Schult.

叉叶茅膏菜Drosera binata Labill.

Drosera bindoon Lowrie

短角茅膏菜Drosera brevicornis Lowrie

短叶茅膏菜Drosera brevifolia Pursh

布鲁姆斯茅膏菜Drosera broomensis Lowrie

Drosera browniana Lowrie & N.G.Marchant

Drosera bulbigena Morrison

鳞茎茅膏菜Drosera bulbosa Hook.

布凯茅膏菜Drosera burkeana Planch.

锦地罗Drosera burmanni Vahl

Drosera buubugujin M.T.Mathieson

Drosera caduca Lowrie

卡洛斯茅膏菜Drosera callistos N.G.Marchant & Lowrie

Drosera calycina Planch.

Drosera camporupestris Rivadavia

好望角茅膏菜Drosera capensis L.

绒毛茅膏菜Drosera capillaris Poir.

克恩茅膏菜Drosera cayennensis Sagot ex Diels

森迪茅膏菜Drosera cendeensis Tamayo & Croizat

Drosera chimaera Gonella & Rivadavia

金壳茅膏菜Drosera chrysolepis Taub.

岩蔷薇茅膏菜Drosera cistiflora L.

Drosera citrina Lowrie & Carlquist

Drosera closterostigma N.G.Marchant & Lowrie

Drosera coalara Lowrie & Conran

Drosera coccipetala Debbert

Drosera collina (N.G.Marchant & Lowrie) Lowrie

寇林希茅膏菜Drosera collinsiae N.E.Br.

南美茅膏菜Drosera communis A.St.-Hil.

Drosera condor Gonella, A.Fleischm. & Rivadavia

Drosera coomallo Lowrie & Conran

Drosera cucullata Lowrie

精致茅膏菜Drosera cuneifolia L.f.

弯花茅膏菜Drosera curvipes Planch.

达尔文茅膏菜Drosera darwinensis Lowrie

Drosera depauperata Lowrie & Conran

北领地珊瑚茅膏菜Drosera derbyensis Lowrie

Drosera dichrosepala Turcz.

狄尔斯茅膏菜Drosera dielsiana Exell & J.R.Laundon

Drosera dilatatopetiolaris Kondô

Drosera drummondii Planch.

Drosera echinoblastus N.G.Marchant & Lowrie

长茅膏菜Drosera elongata Exell & J.R.Laundon

Drosera eneabba N.G.Marchant & Lowrie

无节茅膏菜Drosera enodes N.G.Marchant & Lowrie

Drosera eremaea (N.G.Marchant & Lowrie) Lowrie & Conran

Drosera ericgreenii A.Fleischm., R.P.Gibson & Rivadavia

红色茅膏菜Drosera erythrogyne N.G.Marchant & Lowrie

红根茅膏菜Drosera erythrorhiza Lindl.

埃斯梅拉达茅膏菜Drosera esmeraldae (Steyerm.) Maguire & Wurdack

Drosera esperensis Lowrie

Drosera esterhuyseniae (T.M.Salter) Debbert

大肉饼茅膏菜Drosera falconeri Kondô & P.Tsang

菲利克斯茅膏菜Drosera felix Steyerm. & L.B.Sm.

丝叶茅膏菜Drosera filiformis Raf.

毛缘茅膏菜Drosera fimbriata DeBuhr

Drosera finlaysoniana Wall. ex Arn.

Drosera flexicaulis Welw. ex Oliv.

Drosera fragrans Lowrie

黄褐茅膏菜Drosera fulva Planch.

Drosera geniculata (N.G.Marchant & Lowrie) Lowrie

Drosera gibsonii P.Mann

巨大茅膏菜Drosera gigantea Lindl.

光柄茅膏菜Drosera glabripes (Harv. ex Planch.) Stein

Drosera glabriscapa Lowrie

小腺茅膏菜Drosera glanduligera Lehm.

Drosera gracilis Hook.f. ex Planch.

草叶茅膏菜Drosera graminifolia A.St.-Hil.

花岗茅膏菜Drosera graniticola N.G.Marchant

Drosera grantsaui Rivadavia

格拉莫哥茅膏菜Drosera graomogolensis T.R.S.Silva

Drosera grievei Lowrie & N.G.Marchant

Drosera gunniana (Planch.) de Salas

汉密尔顿茅膏菜Drosera hamiltonii C.R.P.Andrews

哈特茅膏菜Drosera hartmeyerorum Schlauer

Drosera helodes N.G.Marchant & Lowrie

异叶茅膏菜Drosera heterophylla Lindl.

种脐茅膏菜Drosera hilaris Cham. & Schltdl.

球根茅膏菜Drosera hirsuta Lowrie & Conran

Drosera hirtella A.St.-Hil.

毛萼茅膏菜Drosera hirticalyx Duno de Stefano & Culham

Drosera hookeri R.P.Gibson, B.J.Conn & Conran

Drosera hortiorum T.Krueger & Bourke

胡氏茅膏菜Drosera huegelii Endl.

亨伯特茅膏菜Drosera humbertii Exell & J.R.Laundon

Drosera humilis Planch.

Drosera hyperostigma N.G.Marchant & Lowrie

长叶茅膏菜Drosera indica L.

Drosera indumenta Lowrie & Conran

长柄茅膏菜Drosera intermedia Hayne

Drosera intricata Planch.

凯特轮茅膏菜Drosera kaieteurensis Brumm.-Ding.

Drosera katangensis Taton

肯尼利茅膏菜Drosera kenneallyi Lowrie

Drosera koikyennuruff T.Krueger & A.S.Rob.

细银毛茅膏菜Drosera lanata K.Kondo

Drosera lasiantha Lowrie & Carlquist

Drosera latifolia (Eichler) Gonella & Rivadavia

Drosera leioblastus N.G.Marchant & Lowrie

Drosera leucoblasta Benth.

Drosera leucostigma (N.G.Marchant & Lowrie) Lowrie & Conran

线叶茅膏菜Drosera linearis Goldie

劳里茅膏菜Drosera lowriei N.G.Marchant

Drosera lunata Buch.-Ham. ex DC.

Drosera lutescens (A.St.-Hil.) Gonella, Rivadavia & A.Fleischm.

Drosera maanyaa-gooljoo A.Fleischm. & T.Krueger

大花茅膏菜Drosera macrantha Endl.

Drosera macropetala (Diels) T.Krueger & A.Fleischm.

大叶茅膏菜Drosera macrophylla Lindl.

马达加斯加茅膏菜Drosera madagascariensis DC.

Drosera magna (N.G.Marchant & Lowrie) Lowrie

壮丽茅膏菜Drosera magnifica Rivadavia & Gonella

大叶球根茅膏菜Drosera major (Diels) Lowrie

曼尼茅膏菜Drosera mannii Cheek

地钱茅膏菜Drosera marchantii DeBuhr

Drosera margaritacea T.Krueger & A.Fleischm.

曼西茅膏菜Drosera menziesii R.Br. ex DC.

丝茎茅膏菜Drosera meristocaulis Maguire & Wurdack

Drosera micra Lowrie & Conran

Drosera micrantha Lehm.

小叶茅膏菜Drosera microphylla Endl.

Drosera microscapa Debbert

Drosera miniata Diels

Drosera minutiflora Planch.

小茅膏菜Drosera modesta Diels

Drosera monantha (Lowrie & Carlquist) Lowrie

山地茅膏菜Drosera montana A.St.-Hil.

Drosera monticola (Lowrie & N.G.Marchant) Lowrie

穆氏茅膏菜Drosera moorei (Diels) Lowrie

Drosera murfetii Lowrie & Conran

多花茅膏菜Drosera myriantha Planch.

Drosera nana Lowrie

纳塔尔茅膏菜Drosera natalensis Diels

尼斯茅膏菜Drosera neesii Lehm.

纽喀里多尼亚茅膏菜Drosera neocaledonica Raym.-Hamet

巢型茅膏菜Drosera nidiformis Debbert

光亮茅膏菜Drosera nitidula Planch.

Drosera nivea Lowrie & Carlquist

长柱茅膏菜Drosera oblanceolata Y.Z.Ruan

Drosera occidentalis Morrison

奥美莎茅膏菜Drosera omissa Diels

圆形茅膏菜Drosera orbiculata N.G.Marchant & Lowrie

银匙茅膏菜Drosera ordensis Lowrie

Drosera oreopodion N.G.Marchant & Lowrie

长鳞茅膏菜Drosera paleacea DC.

浅色茅膏菜Drosera pallida Lindl.

孔雀茅膏菜Drosera paradoxa Lowrie

金碟茅膏菜Drosera patens Lowrie & Conran

少花茅膏菜Drosera pauciflora Banks ex DC.

Drosera pedicellaris Lowrie

茅膏菜Drosera peltata Thunb.

秘鲁茅膏菜Drosera peruensis T.R.S.Silva & M.D.Correa

黄孔雀茅膏菜Drosera petiolaris R.Br. ex DC.

多毛茅膏菜Drosera pilosa Exell & J.R.Laundon

Drosera planchonii Hook.f. ex Planch.

宽脚茅膏菜Drosera platypoda Turcz.

平柱茅膏菜Drosera platystigma Lehm.

Drosera porrecta Lehm.

Drosera praefolia Tepper

爱心茅膏菜Drosera prolifera C.T.White

Drosera prophylla (N.G.Marchant & Lowrie) Lowrie

Drosera prostrata (N.G.Marchant & Lowrie) Lowrie

Drosera prostratoscaposa Lowrie & Carlquist

美丽茅膏菜Drosera pulchella Lehm.

Drosera purpurascens Schlotth.

Drosera pycnoblasta Diels

侏儒茅膏菜Drosera pygmaea DC.

Drosera quartzicola Rivadavia & Gonella

Drosera radicans N.G.Marchant

叉枝茅膏菜Drosera ramellosa Lehm.

Drosera ramentacea Burch. ex DC.

Drosera rechingeri Strid

Drosera reflexa Bourke & A.S.Rob.

王茅膏菜Drosera regia Stephens

Drosera riparia Gonella & Rivadavia

罗雷茅膏菜Drosera roraimae (Klotzsch ex Diels) Maguire & J.R.Laundon

Drosera roseana N.G.Marchant & Lowrie

莲座茅膏菜Drosera rosulata Lehm.

圆叶茅膏菜Drosera rotundifolia L.

Drosera rubricalyx T.Krueger & A.Fleischm.

Drosera rubrifolia Debbert

Drosera rupicola (N.G.Marchant) Lowrie

盐生茅膏菜Drosera salina N.G.Marchant & Lowrie

Drosera sargentii Lowrie & N.G.Marchant

叉蕊茅膏菜Drosera schizandra Diels

Drosera schmutzii Lowrie & Conran

Drosera schwackei (Diels) Rivadavia

蝎子茅膏菜Drosera scorpioides Planch.

Drosera serpens Planch.

南美宽叶茅膏菜Drosera sessilifolia A.St.-Hil.

Drosera sewelliae Diels

林生茅膏菜Drosera silvicola Lowrie & Carlquist

斯氏茅膏菜Drosera slackii Cheek

Drosera solaris A.Fleischm., Wistuba & S.McPherson

匙叶茅膏菜Drosera spatulata Labill.

Drosera spilos N.G.Marchant & Lowrie

Drosera spiralis A.St.-Hil.

Drosera spirocalyx Rivadavia & Gonella

Drosera squamosa Benth.

星花茅膏菜Drosera stelliflora Lowrie & Carlquist

Drosera stenopetala Hook.f.

Drosera stipularis Baleeiro, R.W.Jobson & R.L.Barrett

匍茎茅膏菜Drosera stolonifera Endl.

缩茎茅膏菜Drosera stricticaulis (Diels) O.H.Sarg.

刚毛茅膏菜Drosera subhirtella Planch.

Drosera subtilis N.G.Marchant

硫磺茅膏菜Drosera sulphurea Lehm.

Drosera tentaculata Rivadavia

Drosera thysanosepala Diels

Drosera tokaiensis (Komiya & Shibata) T.Nakam. & K.Ueda

Drosera tomentosa A.St.-Hil.

Drosera tracyi Macfarl.

Drosera trichocaulis (Diels) Lowrie & Conran

三脉茅膏菜Drosera trinervia Spreng.

管柱茅膏菜Drosera tubaestylis N.G.Marchant & Lowrie

Drosera ultramafica A.Fleischm., A.S.Rob. & S.McPherson

单花茅膏菜Drosera uniflora Willd.

Drosera venusta Debbert

Drosera verrucata Lowrie & Conran

Drosera villosa A.St.-Hil.

Drosera viridis Rivadavia

Drosera walyunga N.G.Marchant & Lowrie

怀特茅膏菜Drosera whittakeri Planch.

Drosera xerophila A.Fleischm.

Drosera yilgarnensis R.P.Gibson & B.J.Conn

Drosera yutajensis Duno de Stefano & Culham

Drosera zeyheri T.M.Salter

Drosera zigzagia Lowrie

圆扇茅膏菜Drosera zonaria Planch.

自然杂交种

Drosera × badgerupii Cheek

Drosera × badgingarra Lowrie & Conran

Drosera × bockowskii Scholl

Drosera × californica Cheek

Drosera × carbarup Lowrie & Conran

Drosera × corinthiaca R.A.Gibson & E.Green

Drosera × eloisiana T.S.Bailey

Drosera × fontinalis Rivadavia

Drosera × hybrida Macfarl.

Drosera × legrandii Lowrie & Conran

Drosera × linglica Kusak. ex R.Gauthier & Gervais

Drosera × obovata Mert. & W.D.J.Koch

Drosera × pingellyensis Lowrie & Conran

Drosera × sidjamesii Lowrie & Conran

Drosera × woodii R.Gauthier & Gervais

异型异名

Adenopa Raf. in Fl. Tellur. 3: 37 (1837)

Dismophyla Raf. in Fl. Tellur. 3: 36 (1837)

Drossera Gled. in Mém. Acad. Roy. Sci. Hist. (Berlin) 5: 126 (1749), orth. var.

Esera Neck. in Elem. Bot. 2: 160 (1790), opus utique oppr.

Filicirna Raf. in Fl. Tellur. 3: 37 (1837)

Freatulina Chrtek & Slavíková in Čas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 165: 140 (1996)

Rorella Hill in Brit. Herb.: 187 (1756)

Rossolis Adans. in Fam. Pl. 2: 245 (1763)

Sondera Lehm. in Nov. Stirp. Pug. 8: 44 (1844)

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