更新时间:2024-10-11 14:02
《论读书》是文艺复兴时期英国哲学家、散文家弗朗西斯·培根创作的一篇论说散文。全文虽短却字字珠玑。这篇文章不仅在用词方面多采用庄重典雅的古语词、大词,着重体现作者的冷静、理性,语言富有卓见,蕴含哲理,而且句子富有节奏感,读来朗朗上口。句式多采用并列式,体现语言及语义的平衡美。培根善用排比和比喻,深入浅出地说明道理。文中格言警句层出不穷,除连结句外,几乎句句是警句,言简意赅,很有说服力。这些论说文的特色在原文中体现得非常明显,堪称论说文的典范。
Of Studies
Studies serve for delight, for ornament①, and for ability. Their chief use for delight, is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgment, and disposition② of business. For expert men can execute, and perhaps judge of particulars, one by one; but the general counsels, and the plots and marshalling③ of affairs, come best, from those that are learned. To spend too much time in studies is sloth④; to use them too much for ornament, is affectation; to make judgment wholly by their rules, is the humor of a scholar. They perfect nature, and are perfected by experience: for natural abilities are like natural plants, that need pruning⑤, by study; and studies themselves, do give forth directions too much at large, except they be bounded in by experience. Crafty men contemn studies, simple men admire them, and wise men use them; for they teach not their own use; but that is a wisdom without them, and above them, won by observation. Read not to contradict and confute⑥; nor to believe and take for granted; nor to find talk and discourse; but to weigh and consider. Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested; that is, some books are to be read only in parts; others to be read, but not curiously; and some few to be read wholly, and with diligence and attention. Some books also may be read by deputy, and extracts made of them by others; but that would be only in the less important arguments, and the meaner sort of books, else distilled books are like common distilled waters, flashy things⑦.
Reading makes a full man; conference⑧ a ready man; and writing an exact man. And therefore, if a man write little, he had need have a great memory; if he confer little, he had need have a present wit: and if he read little, he had need have much cunning, to seem to know, that he doth not. Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend⑨. Abeunt studia in mores⑩:Studies pass into the character. Nay, there is no stand or impediment in the wit, but maybe wrought out by fit studies; like as diseases of the body, may have appropriate exercises. Bowling is good for the stone and reins; shooting for the lungs and breast; gentle walking for the stomach; riding for the head; and the like. So if a man's wit be wandering, let him study the mathematics; for in demonstrations, if his wit be called away never so little, he must begin again. If his wit be not apt to distinguish or find differences, let him study the Schoolmen ; for they are cymini sectores⑪. If he be not apt to beat over matters, and to call up one thing to prove and illustrate another, let him study the lawyers' cases. So every defect of the mind, may have a special receipt⑫.
①ornament:n. 装饰;装饰物。
②disposition:n. 处置。
③marshalling:n. 处理。
④sloth:n. 懒惰。
⑤pruning:n. 修剪;剪枝。
⑥confute:vt. 驳斥,驳倒。
⑦flashy things:索然无味的东西。
⑧conference:n. 谈话,会谈。
⑨contend:vt & vi. 辩论。
⑩Abeunt studia in mores:拉丁文,学问塑造气质(Studies influence manners)。
⑪cymini sectores:善于区分细节的人(splitters of hairs)。
⑫receipt:n. 处方。
论读书
读书足以怡情,足以博采,足以长才。其怡情也,最见于独处幽居之时;其博才也,最见于高谈阔论之中;其长才也,最见于处世判事之际。练达之士虽能分别处理细事或一一判别枝节,然纵观统筹、全局策划,则舍好学深思者莫属。读书费时过多易惰,文采藻饰太盛则矫,全凭条文断事乃学究故态。读书补天然之不足,经验又补读书之不足,盖天生才干犹如自然花草,读书然后知如何修剪移接;而书中所示,如不以经验范之,则又大而无当。有一技之长者鄙读书,无知者羡读书,唯明智之士用读书,然书并不以用处告人,用书之智不在书中,而在书外,全凭观察得之。读书时不可存心诘难作者,不可尽信书上所言,亦不可只为寻章摘句,而应推敲细思。书有可浅尝者,有可吞食者,少数则须咀嚼消化。换言之,有只须读其部分者,有只须大体涉猎者,少数则须全读,读时须全神贯注,孜孜不倦。书亦可请人代读,取其所作摘要,但只限题材较次或价值不高者,否则书经提炼犹如水经蒸馏、淡而无味矣。
读书使人充实,讨论使人机智,笔记使人准确。因此不常作笔记者须记忆特强,不常讨论者须天生聪颖,不常读书者须欺世有术,始能无知而显有知。读史使人明智,读诗使人灵秀,数学使人周密,科学使人深刻,伦理学使人庄重,逻辑修辞之学使人善辩:凡有所学,皆成性格。人之才智但有滞碍,无不可读适当之书使之顺畅,一如身体百病,皆可借相宜之运动除之。滚球利睾肾,射箭利胸肺,慢步利肠胃,骑术利头脑,诸如此类。如智力不集中,可令读数学,盖演题须全神贯注,稍有分散即须重演;如不能辨异,可令读经院哲学,盖是辈皆吹毛求疵之人;如不善求同,不善以一物阐证另一物,可令读律师之案卷。如此头脑中凡有缺陷,皆有特药可医。
( 王佐良 译)
文艺复兴时期,人文主义者关心人本身,把完美的人作为自己的理想。为救治与教化有弱点与弊病的凡人,当时的文章常带有教诲目的。《论读书》就是在这样的历史背景下创作的,是《培根随笔》中的一篇重要的文章,发表于1653年。
《论读书》这篇随笔,文字干净利落,多用古语词(archaism)和大词(big words),语言显得庄重、典雅,给人以厚重、正式的感觉。词的运用几乎未选possibly, perhaps, probably, inmy opinion 等谦逊、客气、模棱两可的词。
文中用到的文言词有:marshalling, humour, maketh, doth, stond, discourse。这些词的使用就像古汉语中“之”、“乎”、“者”、“也”词汇的使用一样,给人一种古老、厚重的感觉。
文中还用到一些现代英语词的古用法形式。其中很多词今天已经不再具备它原有的语法和语义功能。它们和中国的文言文一样具有特定历史时期的语言色彩。例如:proyning = pruning, subtile = subtle, stond = hindrance, stoppage, receipt = recipe, nay = no, like as = as, except = unless, else = or else, never = ever, natural philosophy= natural science, in the wit = in themind, bounded in = checked, disposition = management。
文中还有两处使用了拉丁语,这是作者的偏好,认为拉丁语能流传长久,能给文章增添古色古香的味道。“Abeunt studia in mores”一句,培根在Advancement of Leaning 一文中的解释为:“studieshave an influence upon the manners of those that are conversant in them”,意为:“专心学问者,性格也受陶冶。”Cymini sectores = hair-splitters,即“过分讲究细节的人”。
文中还用到一些大词,例如:ornament, disposition, contradict, confute, attention, extracts, conference, cunmng, impediment, demonstrations, 等等。这些词给人一种高雅、庄严的色彩感觉,适于严肃、正式的场合。
《论读书》这篇文章句式单一,19个句子就有12个句子采用了并列结构,体现了语言的平衡美。这样的文章朴实大方,读起来毫无矫揉造作之感。尽管如此,作者还是十分注意长、短句的交替使用,以避免整齐划一的句式显得单调乏味,从而使行文更富节奏感。例如:
Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to content.
这是由分号连结起来的一个并列句。第一个分号之后各句承前省略了make men。这样的句子排列整齐,表意鲜明。并列的部分都省略前面相同的成分,重点突出,使读者一目了然,给人以清晰明快的感觉。而且平衡的句式形成排比风格,犹如排山倒海之势,颇具说服力。
“关于make的用法,培根在此篇文章中采用两种用法,一是带宾补的用法,即这一句中:histories make men wise;另一种是带宾语的用法,如:reading maketh a full man,作者用make和maketh加以区别make所带的不同结构。”
For expert men can execute, and perhaps judge of particulars, one by one; but the general counsels, and the plots and marshalling ofaffairs, come best from those that are learned.
这一并列句不同于上一句,这句中的并列关系是由连词and,but连接起来的。每一个分句不如上句那么短促、明快,而是多一些推理和描述性的语言,这主要是因为此句中作者旨在分析读书给人的益处,分析那些有经验的“练达之士虽然能处理细事,一一判别枝节,然纵观统筹,全局策划,则非好学深思多读书之人莫属”(王佐良译)。这是短句和长句给人的不同感觉。短句,短小利落,给人以确信、勿庸置疑的味道,多使人受教;而长句,尤其由连词连接的长句,语气连贯、舒缓,善于推理、论述,在陈述和分析中给人以启迪和思考的空间。
Read not to contradict and confute; nor to believe and take for granted; nor to find and discourse; but to weigh and consider.
这一句省略了表语 is,全句结构紧凑、表意突出,具有言简意赅的强烈效果。三个否定词not,nor,nor的使用把“读书不是为了要辩驳,不是要盲目信从,不是要寻找谈资”排列得紧凑整齐,强烈地表达了作者否定的语气和不赞成的态度。最后以一个转折词but连接收尾,简洁有力,语气上由否定转向肯定,给人一种义正词严、豁然开朗的感受。由“不要”、“不要”、“不要”转为“而要权衡和思考”,给人留下深刻的印象,很有说服力。
复合句的使用有并列句所不及的文体功能,即善于表现事物间的种种复杂关系,“在复合句中,主句结构独立,从句依附于主句;从句所表达的概念是对主句意义的补充、解释或限定”。
They perfect nature, and are perfected by experience:for natural abilities are like natural plants, that need pruning by study; and studies themselves do give forth directions too much at large, except they be bounded in experience.
这一句中的主句后带有一个由连词for引导的原因状语从句,从句中有主句、由that引导的定语从句和由except引导的条件从句。原因状语从句用来解释读书和经验的互补关系;定语从句是补充说明“天生的才干犹如天然花木,须靠读书修剪枝叶”。条件从句是用来限制“读书如不以经验范之,则又大而无当”(王佐良 译)。语义虽然冗繁复杂,但使用不同从句的关系连词来引导,则又显得条理十分清楚。这是并列句乃至其他句式所不能比拟的文体功能优势。
排比就是把结构相同、意气并重、语气一致的词组或句子排列成串,形成一个整体。《论读书》中这样的结构随处可见,而且作者运用得当,很有气势。
To spend too much time in studies is sloth; to use them too much for ornament is affectation; to make judgment wholly by their rules, is the humour ofa scholar.
三个同样的不定式结构语气一致,分析褥淋漓尽致、准确生动。这种排比结构用来说明和定论,不仅结构严谨整齐,而且文章的节奏也匀称悦耳,大大提高了语言的表现力。
优美的散文之所以能给人们的听觉带来美的享受,在很大程度上应归功于其优美的节奏。散文的节奏虽不像诗的节奏那样有固定的模式和规律,但作家总是注意选择某种节奏,使节奏成为烘托语义的一种表达手段;而文学批评家则总是把节奏看作“文体风格的组成部分(anintegral part of the style)”。S.H. Burton在《The Criticism ofProse》 一书中指出:早期英语散文的节奏多是靠排比结构予以实现的。在《论读书》这篇散文中,培根就十分注重使用排比结构来实现节奏美,还注意交替使用并列句和复合句来体现节奏感。例如:
Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested.
培根善用形象的比喻深入浅出地说明一个道理,因而文中充满了诸如taste, swallow, chew, digest等比喻。“Natural abilities are like natural plants, that need pruning by study”,是说天生的才干需要知识来磨练就像草木需要修枝剪叶一样;“some books are to be tasted, others to beswallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested”,是说读书犹如吃食物,“有的书浅尝即可,有的书可以狼吞虎咽,少数则须咀嚼消化”(王楫 译)。“else distilled books are, likecommon distilled waters, flashy things”,这一句是说“书经提炼犹如水经蒸馏,淡而无味矣”(王佐良 译)。这些深刻的读书之道,若不是用这么形象的比喻,很难达到这么通俗易懂的效果,形象的比喻用得恰到好处,令人信服。
《论读书》全文没有分段,一气呵成。文中短句多,并列句多,标点多。像培根这样的文风在当时被称为“松散、自由的风格(loose and free style)”(1987: 340)。文中不大使用复合结构,并列句中各个意思都处于平等的地位,一个接一个说下去,逐步深入。因此,并列连词(and, but, for, nor 等)远远多于主从连词(as, smce, because等)。“这类文章,虽则是松散自由的,它还是很讲究修辞”,排比和比喻随处可见。
全篇文章旨在强调读书的功效,作者相信人们头脑中一切病端都有办法救治,而读书就是一剂万能的良药。这种对人的自我完善的渴求及确信必达目的之抱负,反映了文艺复兴时代崇尚理性、相信人的力量和人具有无限潜力的“人文主义精神”。
为反映作者的冷静、理性和自信的态度,文章也采用简洁这一风格。“简洁就是言简意赅。文章没有多余的词,没有多余的句,但内容又很丰富,含义也很深刻。”例如:
Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Their chief use for delight, is in privateness and retiring; for ornament,is in discourse, and for ability, is in the judgment and disposition ofbusiness...
这个句子写得干净利落,让人听来仿佛觉得作者在述说一条千真万确的真理,语气肯定,丝毫未表现谦逊、迟疑和含混的语气。
天文学家、科普作家卞毓麟《恬淡悠阅——卞毓麟书事选录》:“英国思想家、哲学家、实验科学的先驱者弗朗西斯·培根的一篇Of Studies,400年来引得世上多少读者竞折腰。数十年前读王佐良先生的译文(篇名译为《谈读书》),唯觉词清句丽,妙不可言。……”
上海师范大学人文与传播学院教授刘文荣《经典作家谈书与读书》:“全文不足两千字,却将读书之功用、读书之方法及读书与性格之关系一一道来,且句句有理,实为言简意赅之典范。”
天津外国语大学教授马钟元《每天读点英文英美文化常识全集 超值白金版》:“《论读书》是弗朗西斯·培根的《散文集》中的一篇,其文风以简洁、紧凑和有力而著称。其中,《论读书》是最脍炙人口的一篇。在文中,培根分析了读书的主要目的、读书所应采用的不同方式以及读书对人的性格的影响。文章最精彩的地方不仅在于其论据具有说服力,而且在于遣词造句、句型和结构的优美。……总之,本文中运用了许多写作技巧。整体行文语句优美,用词准确,令人信服。《论读书》是一篇优美散文中的典范,值得仔细咀嚼。”
弗朗西斯·培根(Francis Bacon,1561年1月22日—1626年4月9日),第一代圣阿尔本子爵(1st Viscount St Alban),英国文艺复兴时期散文家、哲学家。英国唯物主义哲学家,实验科学的创始人,是近代归纳法的创始人,又是给科学研究程序进行逻辑组织化的先驱。培根12岁入剑桥大学,后担任女王特别法律顾问以及朝廷的首席检察官、掌玺大臣等。晚年,受宫廷阴谋逐出宫廷,脱离政治生涯,专心从事学术研究和著述活动,写成了一批在近代文学思想史上具有重大影响的著作,其中最重要的一部是《伟大的复兴新工具论》。另外,他以哲学家的眼光,思考了广泛的人生问题,写出了许多形式短小、风格活泼的随笔小品,集成《培根随笔》。1626年3月底,培根由于身体孱弱,在实验中遭受风寒,支气管炎复发,病情恶化。1626年4月9日清晨病逝。主要著作有《新工具》《论科学的增进》以及《学术的伟大复兴》等。