10.过去完成时(had done)

11.将来完成时(will/shall have done)

12.过去将来完成时(would/should have done)

13.现在完成进行时(have/has been doing)

14.过去完成进行时(had been doing)

15.将来完成进行时(will/shall have been doing)

16.过去将来完成进行时(would/should have been doing)

其实是英语动词的时态和体形。时态有现在、过去、将来和过去将来；体形有一般、完成、进行和完成进行。而语态有2种，即主动和被动。以上只是主动，加上被动就更多了。

时态由“时”和“态”构成。“时”主要有4个主要部分，即现在、过去、将来和过去将来；“态”也有4种，即一般、进行、完成和完成进行。将4个“时”和4个“态”组合在一起，就是时态的种类，共16种。在初高中阶段，一般不需要掌握表格右下角加注的六种时态。

(1) 经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频率的时间状语连用。

时间状语：every……，usually,sometimes,　at……

I leave home for school at 7 every morning.，twice a week：我每天早晨7点离开家去学校，一周两次

(2) 客观事实，普遍真理。

The earth moves around the sun：地球绕着太阳转

Shanghai lies in the east of China：上海位于中国的东部

(3) 表示格言或警句中。

Pride goes before a fall.　骄者必败。

注意：（2）（3）的用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。

例：Columbus proved that the earth is round：哥伦布证明了地球是圆的

(4) 现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。

I don't want so much：我不想那么多

Ann Wang writes good English but does not speak well：Ann Wang 的英文写得很好但说得不好

比较：Now I put the sugar in the cup：现在我在杯子里放了糖

I am doing my homework now

（含义：我正在做我的家庭作业）

注：用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作，表示言行的瞬间动作。再如：Now watch me,I switch on the current and stand back. 第二句中的now是进行时的标志，表示正在进行的动作的客观状况，所以后句用一般现在时。

(5)主将从现﹝主句用将来时 从句用现在时表将来﹞

① I will tell you,When Li Ming comes

（含义：当李明来的时候我会告诉你）

② I'll e-mail you as soon as I get to Beijing

（含义：我一到达北京就发电子邮件给你）

注 ：一般从句为时间状语从句「由When As soon as...引导的从句」条件状语从句「由If...引导的从句」

(6)表示按计划，规定要发生的动作，但仅限于少数动词

如：begin,come,leave,go等

The meeting begins at seven：会议七点开始

（1）在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。

时间状语有：yesterday,last week,an hour ago,the other day,in 1982等。

Where did you go just now?

（含义：你刚才去哪里了?）

（2）表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。

When I was a kid,I often played football in the street

（含义：当我还是个孩子的时候，我经常在街上踢足球）

Whenever the Browns went during their visit,they were given a warm welcome

（含义：布朗一家无论什么时候去，都受到热烈的欢迎）

（3）句型：

It is time for you to go to bed：你该睡觉了

It is time you went to bed：你早该睡觉了

would (had) rather sb. did sth.　表示'宁愿某人做某事'

I'd rather you came tomorrow

（含义：我宁愿你明天来）

（4）wish,wonder,think,hope 等用过去时，作试探性的询问、请求、建议等。

I thought you might want some

（含义：我以为你想要一些）

比较：

一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去，现已不复存在。

Christine was an invalid all her life

(含义：她已不在人间。)

Christine has been an invalid all her life

(含义：她现在还活着)

Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years.

(含义：达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。)

Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years.

( 含义：现在还住在肯塔基州，有可能指刚离去)

注意：用过去时表示现在，表示委婉语气。

（1）动词want,hope,wonder,think,intend 等。

Did you want anything else？你还有什么事吗？

I wondered if you could help me：不知你能不能帮我个忙

（2）情态动词could,would.

Could you lend me your bike?你能借给我你的自行车?

（3）used to / be used to

Mother used not to be so forgetful：妈妈过去不是这样健忘

Scarf used to take a walk.　(过去常常散步)

动名词。

He is used to a vegetarian diet：他习惯于素食

Scarf is used to taking a walk.(现在习惯于散步)

典型例题

---- Your phone number again? I ___ quite catch it.

---- It's 69568442.

A. didn't　B. couldn't　C. don't　D. can't

答案（A）：本句虽没有明确的时间状语，但从语意上看出，在听的时候没有听懂这个动作发生在过去，因此应用过去时

(1)　shall用于第一人称，常被will 所代替。

will 在陈述句中用于各人称，在征求意见时常用于第二人称。

Which paragraph shall I read first：我应该先读哪一段？

Will you be at home at seven this evening：你今晚七点在家吗？

(2)　be going to +不定式，表示将来。

a.主语的意图，即将做某事。

What are you going to do tomorrow：你打算明天干什么？

b. 计划，安排要发生的事。

The play is going to be produced next month：该活动在下个月举行

c. 有迹象要发生的事

Look at the dark clouds,there is going to be a storm：看那些乌云，暴风雨就要来了

(3)　be +不定式表将来，按计划或正式安排将发生的事。

We are to discuss the report next Saturday：我们下星期六将讨论这份报告

(4)　be about to +不定式，意为马上做某事。

He is about to leave for Beijing：他要去北京

注意：be about to 不能与tomorrow,next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。

be going to / will

用于条件句时， be going to　表将来

will　表意愿

If you are going to make a journey,you'd better get ready for it as soon as possible.

如果你要去旅行，你最好尽快准备好

Now if you will take off your clothes,we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror.

现在如果你愿意脱下你的衣服，我们将在镜子前为你穿上新衣服

be to和be going to

be to 表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事。

be going to 表示主观的打算或计划。

I am to play football tomorrow afternoon.　(客观安排)

明天下午我要去踢足球

I'm going to play football tomorrow afternoon. (主观安排)

一般现在时表将来

（1）下列动词：come,go,arrive,leave,start,begin,return的一般现在时表将来。这主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。

The train leaves at six tomorrow morning：火车明天上午六点开

—When does the bus star? 汽车什么时候开？

—It stars in ten minutes. 十分钟后

（2）倒装句，表示动作正在进行，如：

Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming.

There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing.

（3）在时间或条件句中。

When Bill comes (不是will come),ask him to wait for me：当比尔来了，让他等我

I'll write to you as soon as I arrive there：当我到达那里时，我会写信给你

（4）在动词hope,take care that,make sure that等后。

I hope they have a nice time next week：我希望他们下星期玩得愉快

Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room：在离开房间前要确保窗子都关闭

用现在进行时表示将来

I'm leaving tomorrow：我明天就要走了

Are you staying here till next week：你要在这儿呆到下星期

现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态，其结果的确和现在有联系。动作或状态发生在过去　但它的影响现在还存在；也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态。其构成：have (has) +过去分词。

比较过去时与现在完成时

（1）过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。

（2）过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。

一般过去时的时间状语：

yesterday,last week，…ago,in1980,in October,just now,具体的时间状语

共同的时间状语：

this morning,tonight,this April,now,once，before,already,recently，lately

现在完成时的时间状语

for,since,so far,ever,never,just,yet,　till / until,up to now,in past years,always,

不确定的时间状语

（3）现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如live,teach,learn,work,study,know.

过去时常用的非持续性动词有come,go,leave,start,die,finish,become,get married等。

举例：

I saw this film yesterday：我昨天看了这部电影

（强调看的动作发生过了。）

I have seen this film：我已经看过这部电影

（强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了。）

Why did you get up so early

（强调起床的动作已发生过了。）

Who hasn't handed in his paper

（强调有卷子，可能为不公平竞争。）

She has returned from Paris：她已从巴黎回来了。

She returned yesterday：她是昨天回来了。

He has been in the League for three years：他在团中已经三年

(在团内的状态可延续)

He has been a League member for three years：他连续三年被一个团内的成员

(是团员的状态可持续)

He joined the League three years ago：他三年前入团

( 三年前入团，joined为短暂行为。)

I have finished my homework now.

---Will somebody go and get Dr. White

---He's already been sent for.

句子中如有过去时的时间副词（如 yes terday,last,week,in 1960）时，不能使用现在完成时，要用过去时。

（错）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.

（对）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.

用于现在完成时的句型

（1）It is the first / second time…. that…结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时。

It is the first time that I have visited the city.

It was the third time that the boy had been late.

（2）This is the… that…结构，that 从句要用现在完成时.

This is the best film that I've (ever) seen.

这是我看过的最好的电影。

This is the first time (that) I've heard him sing.　这是我第一次听他唱歌。

典型例题

(1) ---Do you know our town at all?

---No,this is the first time I ___ here.

A. was　B. have been　C. came　D. am coming

答案B. This is the first time 后面所加从句应为现在完成时，故选B。

(2) ---Have you ____ been to our town before

---No,it's the first time I ___ here.

A. even,come　B. even,have come　C. ever,come　D. ever,have come

答案D. ever意为曾经或无论何时，反意词为never，此两词常用于完成时。This is the largest fish I have ever seen. It is / was the first time +that-clause 的句型中，从句要用完成时。

注意：非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用。即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的。

（错）I have received his letter for a month.

（对）I haven't received his letter for almost a month.

since和for

Since 用来说明动作起始时间，for用来说明动作延续时间长度。

I have lived here for more than twenty years：我已经在这儿住了二十多年了

I have lived here since I was born：我从出生就住在这里

My aunt has worked in a clinic since 1949：我的阿姨自1949以来在诊所工作

Some new oilfields have been opened up since 1976：一些新的油田自1976年已开放

I have known Xiao Li since she was a little girl：我从小李是个小女孩时就认识她

My brother has been in the Youth League for two years：我的哥哥入团已经两年了

I have not heard from my uncle for a long time：我已经很长时间没有收到我叔叔的来信了

注意：并非有for 作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时。

I worked here for more than twenty years.

(我现在已不在这里工作。)

I have worked here for many years.

(现在我仍在这里工作。)

小窍门：　当现在完成时+一段时间，这一结构中，我们用下面的公式转化，很容易就能排除非延续性动词在完成时中的误使。

(1)　(对) Tom has studied Russian for three years.

= Tom began to study Russian thre e years ago,and is still studying it now.

(2)　(错) Harry has got married for six years.

= Harry began to get married six years ago,and is still getting married now.

显然，第二句不对，它应改为 Harry got married six years ago.　或 Harry has been married for six years.

(1) since +过去一个时间点　(如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、1980,last month,half past six)。

I have been here since 1989

(2) since +一段时间+ ago

I have been here since five months ago

(3) since +从句

Great changes have taken place since you left

Considerable time has elapsed since we have been here

(4) It is +一段时间+ since从句

It is two years since I became a postgraduate student.

延续动词与瞬间动词

(1) 用于完成时的区别

延续动词表示经验、经历； 瞬间动词表示行为的结 果，不能与表示段的时间状语连用。

He has completed the work.　他已完成了那项工作。(表结果)

I've known him since then.　我从那时起就认识他了。(表经历)

(2)　用于till / until从句的差异

延续动词用于肯定句否定句

He didn't come back until ten o'clock.

他到10 点才回来。

He slept till ten o'clock.

他一直睡到10点。

值得注意的是，在till(until)引出的时间状语从句中，谓语动词的时态问题较为复杂。till(until)-从句的谓语动词往往用一般时态来表示。例如：

He does not go to school till(until) the cock crows at nine in the morning.

They will live in Chicago till(until) William finishes his thesis.

She waited till(until) I returned.

英国语言学家伦道夫·夸克教授等人在1972年出版的专著《当代英语语法》(A Grammar of Contemporary English)中认为：till(until)-从句的谓语动词不能与助动词shall或will连用。而中国语言学家周海中教授在1987年发表的论文《关于英语中till及until的用法问题》中却指出：当助动词shall和will用于till(until)-从句时，它们不是表示将来时间，而是表示情态意义。他用实例说明这种用法：

I won't leave you till you shall be well taken care of. (C. Dickens: Little Dorrit)

Those are as fixed as fate; and my voyage is only now delayed until the weather shall permit my embarkation. (M. Shelley: Frankenstein)

Then the lovely pale-lilac irises will come out in all their showering abundance of tender, proud, spiky bloom, till the air wi11 gleam with mauve, and a new crystalline lightness will be everywhere. (D. Lawrence: Phoenix)

典型例题

1． You don't need to describe her. I ___ her several times.

A. had met　B. have met　C. met　D. meet

答案B. 首先本题后句强调对现在的影响，我知道她的模样，你不用描述。再次，several times告知为反复发生的动作，因此用现在完成时。

2．---I'm sorry to keep you waiting.

---Oh,not at all. I ___ here only a few minutes.

A. have been　B. had been　C. was　D. will be

答案A. 等待的动作由过去开始，持续到现在，应用现在完成时。

（1） 概念：表示过去的过去

----|-------|-----|----＞其构成是had +过去分词构成。

那时以前　那时　现在

（2） 用法

a.　在told,said,knew,heard,thought等动词后的宾语从句。

She said (that) she had ever been to Paris.

她说她曾去过巴黎

b. 状语从句

在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。

When the police arrived,the thieves had run away.

当警察赶到时，小偷已经跑了

c. 表示意向的动词，如hope,wish,expect,think,intend,mean,suppose

We had hoped that you would come,but you didn't.

那时我们希望你能来，但是你没有

（3）　过去 完成时的时间状语before,by,until,when,after,once,as soon as。

He said that he had learned some English before.

他说他以前学过一些英语

By the time he was twelve,Edison had began to make a living by himself.

在他十二岁的时候，爱迪生就开始自己谋生了

Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.

汤姆失望了，大多数客人都当他到达晚会离开

典型例题

The students ___ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she ___ in the office.

A. had written,left　B，were writing,has left　C. had written,had left　D. were writing,had left

前一句应用过去进行时。

注意：　had no … when　还没等…… 就……

had no sooner… than　刚…… 就……

He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it.

一般过去时代替完成时

(1)　两个动作如按顺序发生，又不强调先后，或用then，and，but 等连词时，多用一般过去时。

When she saw the mouse，she screamed.

当她看到老鼠，她尖叫

My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it.

我的阿姨给了我一顶帽子，我把它弄丢了

(2) 两个动作相继发生，可用一般过去时；如第一个动作需要若干时间完成，用过去完成时。

When I heard the news,I was very excited.

当我听到这个消息，我很兴奋

(3)　叙述历史事实，可不用过去完成时，而只用一般过去时。

Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492.

我们的老师告诉我们，哥伦布1492年发现美国

(1) 构成will / be going to do sth.

(2) 概念

a. 状态完成：表示某事继续到将来某一时为止一直有的状态。

b. 动作完成：表示将来某一时或另一个将来的动作之前，已经完成的动作或一获得的经验。

They will have been married for 20 years by then.

他们已经结婚20年之后

You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow.

明天这个时候你已经到达上海

现在进行时的基本用法：

a. 表示现在( 指说话人说话时) 正在发生的事情。

We are waiting for you：我们都在等着你

b. 习惯进行：表示长期的或重复性的动作，说话时动作未必正在进行。

Mr. Green is writing another novel：格林先生正在写另一本小说

(说话时并未在写，只处于写作的状态。)

She is learning piano under Mr. Smith：她是史密斯先生的指导下学习钢琴

c. 表示渐变的动词有：get,grow,become,turn,run,go,begin等。

The leaves are turning red：树叶变红了

It's getting warmer and warmer：天气变得越来越暖和

d. 与always,constantly,forever 等词连用，表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态，往往带有说话人的主观色彩。

You are always changing your mind：你总是改变主意

典型例题

My dictionary ___,I have looked for it everywhere but still___ it.

A. has lost,don't find　B. is missing,don't find　C. has lost,haven't found　D. is missing,haven't found.

答案D. 前句是一个仍在持续的状态，应用进行时，由于没有找到，其影响仍然存在，应用完成时，瞬间动词用于否定式时可用于完成时。

不用进行时的动词

(1) 事实状态的动词

have,belong,possess,cost,owe,exist,include,contain,matter,weigh,measure,continue

I have two brothers：我有两个哥哥

This house belongs to my sister：这房子是我姐的

(2) 心理状态的动词

Know,realize,think,see,believe,suppose,imagine,agree,recognize,remember,want,need, forget, prefer,mean,understand,love,hate

I need your help：我需要帮助

He loves her very much：他非常爱她

(3) 瞬间动词

accept,receive,complete,finish,give,allow,decide,refuse.

I accept your advice：我接受你的建议

(4) 系动词

seem,remain,lie,see,hear,smell,feel,taste,get,become,turn

You seem a little tired：你看起来有一些累

（1） 概念：表示过去某时正在进行的状态或动作。

（2） 过去进行时的主要用法是描述一件事发生的背景；一个长动作发生的时候，另一个短动作发生。

（3） 常用的时间状语

this morning,the whole morning,all day yesterday,from nine to ten last evening,when,while

My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself.

我的哥哥在骑车时摔倒了，伤了自己

It was raining when they left the station.

他们离开车站的时候正在下雨

When I got to the top of the mountain,the sun was shining.

当我到达山顶时，阳光明媚

典型例题

(1) Mary ___ a dress when she cut her finger.

A. made　B. is making　C. was making　D. makes

答案C. 割伤手指是已发生的事情，应用过去时。同　时，when表时间的同时性

(2) As she ___ the newspaper,Granny ___ asleep.

read； was falling　B. was reading； fell　C. was reading； was falling　D. read；fell

fell (fall的过去时)，是系动词，后跟形容词，如：fall sick。

(1) 概念：表示将来某时进行的状态或动作，或按预测将来会发生的事情。

She'll be coming soon.

她很快会回来

I'll be meeting him sometime in the future.

我会在未来的某个时候遇见他

(2)常用的时间状语

Soon，tomorrow，this evening，on Sunday，by this time，tomorrow，in two days,tomorrow evening

By this time tomorrow,I'll be lying on the beach.

明天此时，我正躺在海滩上

一般现在时代替将来时

时间状语从句，条件句中，从句用一般现在时代替将来时

When，while，before，after，till，once，as soon as，so long as，by the time，if，in case (that)，unless，even if，whether，the moment，the minute，the day，the year，immediately

He is going to visit her aunt the day he arrives in Beijing.

他一到北京，就去看他姨妈。

（1）He said he________me a present unless I_______ in doing the experiment.

A. had not given; had not succeeded　B. would not give; succeed

C. will not give; succeed　D. would not give; will succeed.

答案B. 在时间，条件或让步主语从句中一般不用将来时。本题有He said，故为过去式。主句用将来时，故选B. 此处用一般过去式代替了过去将来时。

(2) 表示现在已安排好的未来事项，行程等活动。

The museum opens at ten tomorrow.　博物馆明天10点开门。(实际上每天如此。)

一般现在时代替过去时

The newspaper says that it's going to be cold tomorrow.

报纸上说明天会很冷的。

(2) 叙述往事，使其生动。

Napoleon's army now advances and the great battle begins.

拿破仑的军队现在进展和大战开始了

一般现在时代替完成时

(1) 有些动词用一般现在时代替完成时：

hear，tell，learn，write，understand，forget，know，find，say，remember.

I hear (= have heard) he will go to London.

我听说他要去伦敦

I forget (=have forgotten) how old he is.

我忘了他多少岁

been

It is (= has been) five years since we last met.

自从我们上次见面以来已经有五年了

一般现在时代替进行时

(1) 句型：Here comes… ；There goes…

Look,here comes Mr. Li：看，李先生来了

现在进行时代替将来时

(1) 表示即将发生的或预定中计划好的活动。

Are you staying with us this weekend： 这周和我们一起度周末吗？

We are leaving soon：我们马上就走。

(2) 渐变动词，如：get，run，grow，become，begin 及die。

He is dying：他快死了

(1) 如果从句所叙述的为真理或不变的事实，则永远用现在时。

At that time,people did not know that the earth moves.

在那个时候，人们不知道地球是移动的

He told me last week that he is eighteen.

上星期他告诉我，他是十八

(2) 宾语从句中的助动词ought,need,must,dare 时态是不变的。

He thought that I need not tell you the truth.

他认为我不必告诉你真相

时间状语

一般现在时：every …，sometimes,　at …，on Sunday,

一般过去时：yesterday,last week,an hour ago,the other day,in 1982,just now

一般将来时：next…，tomorrow,in+时间，

现在完成时：for,since,so far,ever,never,just,yet,till/until,up to now,in past years,always,recently

过去完成时：before,by,until,when,after,once,as soon as

过去进行时：this morning,the whole morning,all day,yesterday,from nine to ten last evening… when,while

将来进行时：soon,tomorrow,this evening,on Sunday,by this time,tomorrow,in two days,tomorrow evening